The induction of immune tolerance and specific immune suppression are essential processes in the control of immune responses. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a central role in immune control in the periphery. Two broad categories of Treg have been described: naturally occurring Treg that are present in all individuals and antigen-induced Treg that secrete inhibitory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10 and/or transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß. (more…)
Regulatory T cells Treg (picture above) is the existence of suppressor cells, which limit ongoing immune responses and prevent ...
An emerging concept is that pro-inflammatory signals lead to loss of Regulatory T Cells (Treg) function. Pasare and Medzhitov ( ...
Treg cells or regulatory T cells constitute a large population of cellular infiltrate in atopic/allergic inflammation and a dys ...
The intracellular forkhead winged transcription factor Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) appears to be specifically expressed by naturall ...
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is highly effective in the treatment of IgE-mediated allergy diseases such as rhinitis, conjunc ...
The effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on children have been extensively studied and numerous surveys have consistently reported an association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory diseases or respiratory allergies. Strong evidence exists that passive smoking increases the risk of lower respiratory tract illnesses such as bronchitis, wheezy bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. (more…)
This study sought to determine the influence of passive exposure to tobacco smoke during childhood on the results of genetic linkag ...
Avoidance of any one of the individual risk factors associated with childhood asthma has not been successful in preventing its deve ...
Children in the early of their life is prone to allergy because their body immune system is not developed completely. As a matter o ...
CD14 is part of the receptor complex for endotoxin, which is a component of tobacco smoke. The CD14 gene is located on chromoso ...
Asthma is a complex syndrome rather than a single disease entity. Different phenotypes with varying prognosis and determinants have ...
Allergies tend to be one of the most vexing problems for a large majority of people suffering from all kinds of allergies. No doubt the number of people with allergies has increased in recent times. Despite the efforts of conventional medicine to combat this evil many people prefer to opt for alternative medicine because, in most cases, no side effects. (more…)
Many medicines that are common and consumed by us everyday was discovered in its natural state. It then process and then synthe ...
Homeopathy treatment is gaining wider acceptance recently. You may look at this natural medication by trying homeopathy to help ...
As a person who suffered form allergies and have a profession as family physician, I have much sympathy for those struggling with i ...
Sinusitis is one inconvenience disease condition that many people had. Many drugs and antibiotics that are prescribed by your docto ...
Discovering natural treatment for allergies is still the main goal for a growing number of people suffering from allergies. At ...
It is clear from the results of large epidemiologic studies that while atopy is a major risk factor for asthma, it is usually not sufficient by itself to drive the disease process to chronicity, as less than 25% of atopics develop persistent asthma. The situation in childhood is further complicated by an additional series of development factors, related to postnatal maturation of respiratory function. (more…)
In the Tucson CRS study, about 50% of young children experienced a period of recurrent wheezing and/or coughing in the first 6 ...
Natural history studies with the following design features provide a firm epidemiologic foundation for risk factor assessments and ...
Atopic Dermatitis is considered to be one of the first manifestations in the atopic march. The aim of this study was to investi ...
Asthma is a complex syndrome rather than a single disease entity. Different phenotypes with varying prognosis and determinants have ...
More severe asthma can persist from childhood into adulthood without remission. Another important tendency in the natural histo ...
B cells
The main function of B cells is to produce antibodies. Antibodies are complex molecules produced by the immune system in response to antigens. As mentioned previously, antigens are foreign proteins or glycoproteins (a sugar linked to a protein) that trigger the immune response. Every living cell produces several different proteins, each unique to its own cell type and species. The antibody produced against the antigen is entirely specific to that antigen. (more…)
Antibodies which are also known as immunoglobulin are found in our blood and other bodily fluids. Antibodies are used as a mechan ...
It is common to find anti-food IgG antibodies circulating in blood, even in people who have no signs or history of adverse reac ...
Our current knowledge for trigger factor and food allergy intolerance is still in it infancy level. We already known that the aller ...
Exotoxins are noxious proteins secreted by many bacteria. These toxins are often heat-labile and thus can be heat-inactivated f ...
Immune system is your body’s defense mechanism to protect from infectious organism and other living object invaded your body. T ...
Measles virus is a highly infectious viral disease characterized by a sore throat and a blotchy red rash that starts on the face and neck, and spreads to the rest of the body. It is a single viral serotype; either infection or immunization results in lifelong immunity. Human immune response to inactivated measles vaccine may produce atypical and severe disease after natural infection. (more…)
Viruses are the simplest of all life forms. They can be viewed as selfish genes with the single-minded purpose to replicate. Vi ...
Immunization is needed for person to be prevented of getting diseases, whereas in bigger scale, it is needed to eradicate the bre ...
Exacerbations of asthma are frequently associated with rhinoviral infection. Rhinoviruses infect respiratory epithelial cells, ...
B cells The main function of B cells is to produce antibodies. Antibodies are complex molecules produced by the immune syste ...
A sinus infection may result in a series of different symptoms. People complain about the feeling of pressure force in the head ...
Local micro environmental factors are crucial in determining both susceptibility to vascular remodeling and the extent of angiogenesis. Major exogenous triggers of airway inflammation in asthma include viruses and inhaled aeroallergens, both of which are known to be associated with the production of angiogenic factors . These stimuli elicit reciprocal immune responses, through elaboration of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. (more…)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), originally described as a vascular permeability factor generating tissue oedema, has be ...
The airway circulation has many potential roles in asthma. The vasculature has a major influence on upper airway patency in nasal i ...
Exacerbations of asthma are frequently associated with rhinoviral infection. Rhinoviruses infect respiratory epithelial cells, ...
While our primary concern is the impact that the innate immune system has on allergic disease, it is essential to recognize that al ...
Eosinophil infiltration of the mucosa is a feature of asthmatic airways. Their adhesion to bronchial epithelial cells has been ...
The oral allergy syndrome is difficult to detect. Common allergy tests to examine allergy are using extracts only in skin scratch testing. But this method is quite useless due to many enzymes involved in allergy reaction are already broken out in the process of extraction. They are not as effective as the original enzymes. Oral Allergy Syndrome is usually diagnoses by symptoms that are appeared. The other method is to look for allergy history to pollen, if any. (more…)
Oral allergy syndrome has been most often reported in people who have respiratory allergy (such as hay fever) to specific plant ...
Oral allergy syndrome is one form of allergy that body have allergic reaction to fruits and vegetables. Based on statistics fa ...
The diagnostic approach to allergic food reactions comprises three steps. The first step includes the medical allergy history, ...
Allergens are the trigger for human body allergic reaction. It is one of human immunological process to react for invader subst ...
Hay fever affects millions of people around the world every year. And one of the most common and prolific triggers is grass pol ...
Contact of pathogens with the innate immune system will most frequently occur at epithelia, and the biology of the airway epithelium is of considerable importance in asthma. Airway epithelia express a range of innate immune receptors, allowing them to function as a line of first response to pathogens: their ability to detect and respond to pathogens must clearly be substantial, given that they form the main target for most respiratory viruses.
There are also potentially close relationships between epithelial cells and other cells of the innate immune system such as DCs and macrophages.
Cooperative networks that regulate airway inflammation are discussed in more detail below. Interestingly, defective responses to respiratory viruses are evident in epithelial cells from asthmatics, which may be relevant in the pathology of asthma exacerbations, and phenotypic differences in epithelia between asthmatics and normal subjects have been demonstrated. (more…)
Innate immune responses are seen in a very broad range of tissues. Indeed, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs, one of the most important ...
Innate immunity depends on both resident and recruited leukocytes. The macrophage without doubt plays an import- ant role in the de ...
While our primary concern is the impact that the innate immune system has on allergic disease, it is essential to recognize that al ...
Exacerbations of asthma are frequently associated with rhinoviral infection. Rhinoviruses infect respiratory epithelial cells, ...
Other humoral effectors and humoral factors have the ability to lyse microorganisms directly. The best studied of these are a c ...