Local micro environmental factors are crucial in determining both susceptibility to vascular remodeling and the extent of angiogenesis. Major exogenous triggers of airway inflammation in asthma include viruses and inhaled aeroallergens, both of which are known to be associated with the production of angiogenic factors . These stimuli elicit reciprocal immune responses, through elaboration of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. (more…)
Activation of the innate immune system is an integral part of the pathology of allergic diseases such as asthma, with a dual role that has different emphases in disease initiation and disease perpetuation. Sadly underappreciated in the past, the resurgence in interest in innate immunobiology has been spearheaded by the identification of the TLR system and its huge contribution to health and disease. (more…)
Innate immune responses are seen in a very broad range of tissues. Indeed, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs, one of the most important series of innate immune response proteins, described in detail below) are probably represented at some level in every cell in the body. Even before such systems are engaged, however, other levels of defense have important roles in mediating successful immunity. (more…)
For daily life, of course we need our immune system. Without having immune system, we could not survive long, but there are times when the immune system may harm us rather than helps us. If you suffer from sneezing and stuffy nose, watery eyes, every spring or fall, your doctor may assured you your hay fever. These symptoms are allergic reaction to pollen, dust and spores in the air. (more…)
Natural killer cells: history and current status
Natural killer cells are a major component of the immune system, which play important roles in host defense against cancer and microbial infections. Natural killer cells are distinct from T or B lymphocytes, with a characteristic morphology of large granular cells, and can be readily identified by characteristic cell surface molecules. (more…)
The main reason that your body has an immune system is for your survival. Without immune system, human body is a delightful place for microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites to live. The condition of your body is really conducive for microbes bacteria to grow. Your body is warm, moist and full of nutrients, this is the perfect condition for microbes bacteria to survive and reproduce. But do not expect gratitude from those microbes bacteria you have in your body system. Most of them have no idea what happens to you. Some of them can cause illness and some can be deadly. (more…)
Immunization is needed for person to be prevented of getting diseases, whereas in bigger scale, it is needed to eradicate the break out of diseases in population area. Immunization has accounted for prominent advances in health around the world. Immunizations in children are part of routine health care and it is necessary to do so. Major governments in the world have financed the implementation of vaccines available publicly. Many states in US have laws requiring validation of immunization as a precondition for school entry. Because of this progress, many viruses disease like poliomyelitis, diphtheria, and tetanus have all but disappeared in some developed nations. Some diseases like measles, rubella, and pertussis are still available but rare. World Health Organization has made poliomyelitis disease as the next target for eradication. (more…)
Cells participating in the cellular immune response are organized into discrete associated lymphoid tissues and organs which are spread through the connective tissues of non lymphoid organs. Lymphocyte cell are responsible for the specificity of the cellular immune response. Approximately 2 x 1012 lymphocytes constitute the mature lymphoid system in humans together with a variety of ‘accessory’ cells which include epithelial cells, monocyte or macrophages cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Accessory cells are neede both for the maturation and for the effector cells functions of lymphocytes. (more…)
Bacteria cause disease because of toxicity, invasiveness, immunopathology, or lends of these three mechanisms. Thus much of the interaction between a given bacterial species and the cellular immune response can be predicted by considering the immunological mechanisms available in relation to the mechanism of pathogenicity, and the structure of the bacterium. For a toxigenic bacterium, neutralizing antibody may be all that is needed. Otherwise destruction of the organism itself may be required. (more…)