Perhaps the most exciting recent advance in the cytokine signaling field has been the elucidation of the Jak/Stat pathway. The Janus kinase (Jak) family consists of four known enzymes (Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Tyk2), each of which associates specifically with the cytoplasmic tails of one or more cytokine receptor subunits. For example, IL-2R associates with both Jak1 and Jak3, which bind its α and γ subunits, respectively. Cytokine binding brings the receptor subunits together and allows the associated Jak proteins to phosphorylate and activate one another. The primary substrates of the activated Jaks are a family of transcription factors called the Stat (for signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins. The Stat proteins contain SH2 domains and so are recruited to the vicinity of an activated receptor when its kinases become active. (more…)
The overlapping functions of cytokines largely reflect the properties of the cell surface receptors to which they bind. All cyt ...
The Ras-dependent pathway can be triggered by a variety of cytokine receptors, as well as by certain adhesion molecules and by ...
Hematopoietic progenitors depend on a variety of cytokines to control their growth and differentiation. These include several d ...
Although it is commonly imagined that hematopoiesis takes place in a liquid environment resembling the blood, with progenitors resp ...
Our understanding of hematopoiesis has advanced greatly in recent years with the isolation and characterization of hematopoietic st ...
Local micro environmental factors are crucial in determining both susceptibility to vascular remodeling and the extent of angiogenesis. Major exogenous triggers of airway inflammation in asthma include viruses and inhaled aeroallergens, both of which are known to be associated with the production of angiogenic factors . These stimuli elicit reciprocal immune responses, through elaboration of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. (more…)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), originally described as a vascular permeability factor generating tissue oedema, has be ...
The airway circulation has many potential roles in asthma. The vasculature has a major influence on upper airway patency in nasal i ...
Exacerbations of asthma are frequently associated with rhinoviral infection. Rhinoviruses infect respiratory epithelial cells, ...
While our primary concern is the impact that the innate immune system has on allergic disease, it is essential to recognize that al ...
Eosinophil infiltration of the mucosa is a feature of asthmatic airways. Their adhesion to bronchial epithelial cells has been ...
Activation of the innate immune system is an integral part of the pathology of allergic diseases such as asthma, with a dual role that has different emphases in disease initiation and disease perpetuation. Sadly underappreciated in the past, the resurgence in interest in innate immunobiology has been spearheaded by the identification of the TLR system and its huge contribution to health and disease. (more…)
Innate immunity depends on both resident and recruited leukocytes. The macrophage without doubt plays an import- ant role in the de ...
Contact of pathogens with the innate immune system will most frequently occur at epithelia, and the biology of the airway epitheliu ...
While our primary concern is the impact that the innate immune system has on allergic disease, it is essential to recognize that al ...
Innate immune responses are seen in a very broad range of tissues. Indeed, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs, one of the most important ...
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as receptors for numerous stimuli of immune cells, including bacterial cell wall constituents (l ...
Innate immune responses are seen in a very broad range of tissues. Indeed, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs, one of the most important series of innate immune response proteins, described in detail below) are probably represented at some level in every cell in the body. Even before such systems are engaged, however, other levels of defense have important roles in mediating successful immunity. (more…)
Innate immunity depends on both resident and recruited leukocytes. The macrophage without doubt plays an import- ant role in the de ...
While our primary concern is the impact that the innate immune system has on allergic disease, it is essential to recognize that al ...
Contact of pathogens with the innate immune system will most frequently occur at epithelia, and the biology of the airway epitheliu ...
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), originally described as a vascular permeability factor generating tissue oedema, has be ...
An especially elaborate and important type of innate antimicrobial enzymes defense is provided by a group of serum proteins tha ...
Allergic Reactions
For daily life, of course we need our immune system. Without having immune system, we could not survive long, but there are times when the immune system may harm us rather than helps us. If you suffer from sneezing and stuffy nose, watery eyes, every spring or fall, your doctor may assured your hay fever symptoms. These symptoms are allergic reaction to pollen, dust and spores in the air. (more…)
Allergens are the trigger for human body allergic reaction. It is one of human immunological process to react for invader subst ...
The immune system consists of proteins, cells and organs that are concerned with defense of the individual, primarily against t ...
Allergies can be defined as inappropriate immune system reactions to a foreign substance entering body. Allergies are kind of disea ...
Immune system is your body’s defense mechanism to protect from infectious organism and other living object invaded your body. T ...
The Case For a Healthy Immune System The immune system is made up of a complex network of cells and organs that protect the ...
Natural killer cells: history and current status
Natural killer cells are a major component of the immune system, which play important roles in host defense against cancer and microbial infections. Natural killer cells are distinct from T or B lymphocytes, with a characteristic morphology of large granular cells, and can be readily identified by characteristic cell surface molecules. (more…)
The body's innate resistance to many pathogens is provided by enzymes and other proteins in the blood and tissue fluids. These ...
Innate immunity depends on both resident and recruited leukocytes. The macrophage without doubt plays an import- ant role in the de ...
Some of the immediate sequelae of injury are uncomfortably familiar: Soon after an injury occurs, the affected site and its sur ...
Regulatory T cells Treg (picture above) is the existence of suppressor cells, which limit ongoing immune responses and prevent ...
Contact of pathogens with the innate immune system will most frequently occur at epithelia, and the biology of the airway epitheliu ...