The way in which pathogens spread through the body is influenced to some extent by whether they live intra-cellularly, extra-cellularly or both. Organisms that live extra-cellularly are able to spread via body fluids such as blood. However, even organisms that replicate intra-cellularly may be able to leave the cell and spread via an extracellular route. Organisms can spread in the following ways: (more…)
Most initial infections are local, i.e. the infectious agent gains entry to the body at a single site, e.g. via an insect bite ...
Routes by which infectious organisms gain entry into the body include the skin, respiratory tract, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract ...
There are several pathogen types that can cause disease include many groups of single-celled microorganisms and larger multicel ...
There are thousands of components to the immune system, and during the course of learning about some of these it can appear tha ...
An especially elaborate and important type of innate antimicrobial enzymes defense is provided by a group of serum proteins tha ...
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter of the nerve vagus, the functional effects mediated by binding to muscarinic receptors. Results from stimulation of acetylcholine on the contraction of myoepithelial cells around bronchial submucosal glands and thus to acetylcholine airway obstruction may bronchial provocation tests in the measurement of bronchial hyperresponsiveness may be used with others. (more…)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as receptors for numerous stimuli of immune cells, including bacterial cell wall constituents (l ...
The way in which pathogens spread through the body is influenced to some extent by whether they live intra-cellularly, extra-ce ...
Adenosine is a nucleoside and consists of adenine in glycosidic linkage with ribose. Most adenosine is derived from cleavage of ade ...
The response to injury usually begins with dilatation of small blood vessels in and around the injured site (figure bellow). Th ...
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC 4 , LTD 4 and LTE 4 ) are lipid mediators produced from an arachidonic acid precursor following ...
A sinus infection may result in a series of different symptoms. People complain about the feeling of pressure force in the head, feels the lack of hearing, staginess, nose inflammation drip, throat dry, and sometimes dizziness. But what actually causes these sinus infection and dizziness symptoms? (more…)
If you have sinusitis, one of the displeasing aspects of sinusitis is dizziness condition that comes with it. Symptoms of sin ...
I know it is not necessary to inform all of you the misery of sinusitis and several sinus infection problems, it can be. Sinus irri ...
Are you frustrated because sneezing a lot? The real problem may be right in your face under your nose, literally! Sinus infection o ...
Sinusitis is one inconvenience disease condition that many people had. Many drugs and antibiotics that are prescribed by your docto ...
Herbal remedies that are claimed to treat sinusitis are abundant on the market. There are many options when it comes to herbal ...