Measles virus is a highly infectious viral disease characterized by a sore throat and a blotchy red rash that starts on the face and neck, and spreads to the rest of the body. It is a single viral serotype; either infection or immunization results in lifelong immunity. Human immune response to inactivated measles vaccine may produce atypical and severe disease after natural infection. (more…)
Viruses are the simplest of all life forms. They can be viewed as selfish genes with the single-minded purpose to replicate. Vi ...
Immunization is needed for person to be prevented of getting diseases, whereas in bigger scale, it is needed to eradicate the bre ...
Exacerbations of asthma are frequently associated with rhinoviral infection. Rhinoviruses infect respiratory epithelial cells, ...
B cells The main function of B cells is to produce antibodies. Antibodies are complex molecules produced by the immune syste ...
A sinus infection may result in a series of different symptoms. People complain about the feeling of pressure force in the head ...
Allergen vaccines are complex mixtures of antigenic components produced by the extraction of naturally occurring source materials, which are known to vary considerably in composition. Without intervention, this variation will be reflected in the final products.
The purpose of standardization is to minimize both qualitative and quantitative variations in composition so that a higher level of safety, efficacy, accuracy, and simplicity in allergy diagnosis and allergy vaccination may be obtained. Standardization of allergen vaccines can never be absolute, but it can be improved progressively as new methodologies and technologies are developed and the understanding of the properties of the allergens and the immune responses of allergic patients is increased. (more…)
The quality of an allergen vaccine is a measure of the complexity of the composition, including the concentration of the variou ...
Being an immunological disease, the characteristics of allergy are those of specificity and memory. Regardless of whether the c ...
The potency of an allergen vaccine is the total allergen activity (that is, the sum of the contribution to allergenic activity from ...
The production of allergen vaccines imposes a number of constraints on both the selection of source materials and the physicoch ...
Having determined an adequate potency and complexity in composition, an allergen vaccine may still be deficient in the content of m ...
Cells participating in the cellular immune response are organized into discrete associated lymphoid tissues and organs which are spread through the connective tissues of non lymphoid organs. Lymphocyte cell are responsible for the specificity of the cellular immune response. Approximately 2 x 1012 lymphocytes constitute the mature lymphoid system in humans together with a variety of ‘accessory’ cells which include epithelial cells, monocyte or macrophages cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Accessory cells are neede both for the maturation and for the effector cells functions of lymphocytes. (more…)
Airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma may involve smooth muscle growth, a manifestation of airway remodelling. The involvement ...
The process by which blood cells grow, divide, and differentiate in the bone marrow is called hematopoiesis. Three general cl ...
Human body treated all of the food that we ate, either plants or animals, as foreign substances. It is body immune system’s funct ...
Although it is commonly imagined that hematopoiesis takes place in a liquid environment resembling the blood, with progenitors resp ...
Immune system is your body’s defense mechanism to protect from infectious organism and other living object invaded your body. T ...
Bacteria cause allergic disease because of toxicity, invasiveness, immunopathology, or lends of these three mechanisms. Thus much of the interaction between a given bacterial species and the cellular immune response can be predicted by considering the immunological mechanisms available in relation to the mechanism of pathogenicity, and the structure of the bacterium. For a toxigenic bacterium, neutralizing antigen & antibody may be all that is needed. Otherwise destruction of the organism itself may be required. (more…)
One especially favored target for immune recognition is bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This macromolecule is found only in ...
Exotoxins are noxious proteins secreted by many bacteria. These toxins are often heat-labile and thus can be heat-inactivated f ...
Innate immune responses are seen in a very broad range of tissues. Indeed, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs, one of the most important ...
An especially elaborate and important type of innate antimicrobial enzymes defense is provided by a group of serum proteins tha ...
Once it is tethered onto the venule wall, the neutrophil or other leukocyte comes into contact with a wide variety of inflammatory ...