Endotoxins and Exotoxins

endotoxins and exotoxins
Exotoxins are noxious proteins secreted by many bacteria. These toxins are often heat-labile and thus can be heat-inactivated for use as vaccines to prevent toxigenic immunity to bacteria disease. Many bacteria produce more than one protein exotoxin, making vaccine development more difficult. (more…)

Antibodies and the Immune Response - Human Immune System

antibodies immune response

B cells

The main function of B cells is to produce antibodies. Antibodies are complex molecules produced by the immune system in response to antigens. As mentioned previously, antigens are foreign proteins or glycoproteins (a sugar linked to a protein) that trigger the immune response. Every living cell produces several different proteins, each unique to its own cell type and species. The antibody produced against the antigen is entirely specific to that antigen. (more…)

Methods for the Assessment of Allergen Vaccine Quality

Allergen Vaccine Quality
The quality of an allergen vaccine is a measure of the complexity of the composition, including the concentration of the various constituents. That is, the presence or absence of individual constituents determines the quality. Only selected constituents (i.e., the major allergens or other marker proteins) can be quantified independently. The complexity of the composition of allergen vaccines can be assessed by several techniques. These are standard separation techniques in biochemistry and traditional immunochemistry. (more…)

The Immunological Process in an Allergic Reaction

immunological allergic reaction
Allergens are the trigger for human body allergic reaction. It is one of human immunological process to react for invader substance. We find most allergens are common in our environment. Most allergic reactions developed over the years by the immune system. If someone who has suffered from allergies for a long time, they mostly will know when their body gives immediate reaction to an allergen. (more…)