Serodiagnosis of bacterial diseases is of value only in specific circumstances. IgG antibody is long-lived, and its presence, although indicative of previous infection or immunization, gives little or no information on current bacterial infection. IgM antibody is usually produced within days to a few weeks after exposure to antigen, (more…)

Exotoxins are noxious proteins secreted by many bacteria. These toxins are often heat-labile and thus can be heat-inactivated for use as vaccines to prevent toxigenic immunity to bacteria disease. Many bacteria produce more than one protein exotoxin, making vaccine development more difficult. (more…)

Immune system is your body’s defense mechanism to protect from infectious organism and other living object invaded your body. The body reacts through several immune responses, and immune system attacks those foreign objects which may cause disease. Immune system consisted of network cells, skins, tissue and organs which work closely to protect body.

Immune system is so important for us to survive since we are surrounded by virus, fungus, parasite and bacteria which always trying to break into our body. (more…)