Although it is commonly imagined that hematopoiesis takes place in a liquid environment resembling the blood, with progenitors responding mainly to soluble hormone-like cytokines, this is in fact not the case at all. It is much more accurate to think of the bone marrow as a solid tissue in which different types of hematopoietic cells develop in physically different locations. These microenvironments are visible in histologic sections of bone marrow, which reveal a patchwork of microscopic foci, each devoted to the production of a particular cell type (Figure bellow). The bone marrow microenvironment is set up and maintained by bone marrow stromal cells. Within each microenvironment, contact of cells with one another or with proteins and other substances that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM) greatly facilitates cell division and differentiation. (more…)
Our understanding of hematopoiesis has advanced greatly in recent years with the isolation and characterization of hematopoietic st ...
The process by which blood cells grow, divide, and differentiate in the bone marrow is called hematopoiesis. Three general cl ...
The Ras-dependent pathway can be triggered by a variety of cytokine receptors, as well as by certain adhesion molecules and by ...
Neutrophils make up an army of more-or-less identical circulating phagocytes that are poised to respond quickly and in vast numbers ...
Cells participating in the cellular immune response are organized into discrete associated lymphoid tissues and organs which are ...
Normally present at very low levels in plasma, antibodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) isotype were first discovered in 1967, decades after the description of IgA, IgG, and IM. IgE antibodies are produced primarily by plasma cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and their levels are uniformly elevated in patients suffering from atopic conditions like allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis. Production of allergen-specific IgE in atopic individuals is driven both by a genetic predisposition to the synthesis of this isotype as well as by environmental factors, including chronic allergen exposure. (more…)
The precise mechanisms underlying the effects of Specific Immunotherapy are not well understood but several studies have shown ...
Our current knowledge for trigger factor and food allergy intolerance is still in it infancy level. We already known that the aller ...
Treatment with omalizumab has been shown to reduce serum free IgE concentrations and to have beneficial effects on allergic airway ...
A paradigm of immune development underlies allergy development and progression in early childhood. Briefly, the immune system o ...
IgE plays an important role in allergic asthma. Reducing IgE in the airway mucosa should reduce airway inflammation. Omalizumab has ...
Airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma may involve smooth muscle growth, a manifestation of airway remodelling. The involvement of inflammatory cells in the induction of airway smooth muscle growth was studied in vivo and ex vivo in a brown Norway rat model of asthma. Transfer of CD4 + T lymphocytes from ovalbuminsensitized animals induced an increase in airway smooth muscle mass in naive animals upon repeated ovalbumin challenge. Ex vivo, coculture of antigen-stimulated CD4 + T cells and airway smooth muscle cells led to myocyte proliferation and prolonged T-cell survival. (more…)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), originally described as a vascular permeability factor generating tissue oedema, has be ...
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as receptors for numerous stimuli of immune cells, including bacterial cell wall constituents (l ...
A role for Leukotriene B4 in the induction of airway hyper-responsiveness was explored through the use of transgenic mice defic ...
IgE plays an important role in allergic asthma. Reducing IgE in the airway mucosa should reduce airway inflammation. Omalizumab has ...
Eosinophil infiltration of the mucosa is a feature of asthmatic airways. Their adhesion to bronchial epithelial cells has been ...
An allergic patient’s history may point the clinician’s assessment to a specific area or organ system during allergy testing. In general, physical examination may be standard; shortage of findings isn’t going to rule out allergy.
Essential indicators are a starting point in any physical examination of allergic patients. Respiratory rate is essential as well, but hyperventilation is more a representation of minute ventilation (respiratory rate × tidal volume) than respiratory rate on it’s own. (more…)
Otitis media with effusion is a chronic inflammatory disease of the middle ear space characterized by the accumulation of fluid. P ...
Atopic Dermatitis is a chronic relapsing skin disease. Several investigations concerning the long-term prognosis of Atopic Derm ...
Topical corticosteroids are the usual therapy for patients with atopic dermatitis, but prolonged use can result in skin atrophy ...
Topical corticosteroids are the usual therapy for patients with atopic dermatitis, but prolonged use can result in skin atrophy ...
Asthma is a complex syndrome rather than a single disease entity. Different phenotypes with varying prognosis and determinants have ...
Gastrointestinal allergy can be classified according to the triggering antigen, the mechanism of immune reaction, or the anatomic site of reaction.
Gastrointestinal allergy may be triggered by food components (e.g. food proteins or glycoproteins), and by other antigen antibody reaction to (e.g. bacterial disease, viral, fungal, and worm antigen), drugs and chemicals, (more…)
Do you have a food allergy? A recent study by the U.S. government has concluded that data from the past on food allergy was not ...
Having a food intolerance test is becoming increasingly popular nowadays. This is because the symptoms of indigestion, stomach ...
Food allergies are becoming popular topics in the news at the moment. Based on a recent report by the CDC, the number of people ...
Cow’s milk is the most frequently encountered food allergen in infancy, and milk allergy is often the earliest indicator that a ...
Childhood is the period of life when allergies to food are most prevalent. Food allergy is much more common in babies and young ...
Drug allergy reactions may be classified, at least theoretically, according to one of four implicated immunologic mechanisms, according to the scheme of Gell and Coombs:
Type I Drug Allergy Reactions
Type I reactions are the result of an IgE antibody reaction, which induces immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. (more…)
Drug allergy and adverse drug reactions are common among many people. Those side affect of consuming drugs affecting an about 3 ...
Patients (and many doctors) frequently use the term ‘allergy’ when referring to any adverse drug reaction, even one that has no fea ...
This study compared the diagnostic value of intradermal tests and patch tests in 20 patients with non-immediate reactions to pe ...
B cells The main function of B cells is to produce antibodies. Antibodies are complex molecules produced by the immune syste ...
Serum sickness syndrome was first recognized in the pre antibiotic era when heterologous antiserum was used as passive immuniza ...
Human body treated all of the food that we ate, either plants or animals, as foreign substances. It is body immune system’s function to protect us from foreign material’s intrusion which may causes harmful to us. Then why does our immune system not oppose and refuse foreign materials that we consume as food?”
Naturally, if our body totally reject those foods which get into our body, we could not survive! Then, what is it that allows for food to plainly evade the roadblock of immune cells and be taken up into our bodies? In the final process, food become an integral part of our tissues and organs, and then be used as fuel for essential body processes. Research has begun to reveal part of the answer to this important issue in our body complex immune system question: the complex series of events known as oral tolerance. (more…)
B cells The main function of B cells is to produce antibodies. Antibodies are complex molecules produced by the immune syste ...
Antibodies which are also known as immunoglobulin are found in our blood and other bodily fluids. Antibodies are used as a mechan ...
Gastrointestinal allergy can be classified according to the triggering antigen, the mechanism of immune reaction, or the anatom ...
Allergens are the trigger for human body allergic reaction. It is one of human immunological process to react for invader subst ...
It is estimated that more than 12 millions of American are having food allergy. About 4 percent of adults are having this disease ...
Our current knowledge for trigger factor and food allergy intolerance is still in it infancy level. We already known that the allergic intolerance are different for groups of people. Some individuals are less resistant in developing allergy than others. Allergic sensitivity or atopic allergic disease are heritable and this means that genetic factors is playing a critical role. But the latest researches reveal that it is not merely heredity factors, environmental also have significant impact for someone to develop allergy.
Allergy trigger in the form of food allergen are mostly fallen to some certain foods like milk, egg, peanuts, fish, soya and nuts. We are curios on what is so peculiar about allergens in food? (more…)
Hay fever affects millions of people around the world every year. And one of the most common and prolific triggers is grass pol ...
Having a food intolerance test is becoming increasingly popular nowadays. This is because the symptoms of indigestion, stomach ...
It is common to find anti-food IgG antibodies circulating in blood, even in people who have no signs or history of adverse reac ...
Many people are under impression that allergy and asthma disease had genetic or heredity factors playing major role as medium o ...
Children in the early of their life is prone to allergy because their body immune system is not developed completely. As a matter o ...
Cells participating in the cellular immune response are organized into discrete associated lymphoid tissues and organs which are spread through the connective tissues of non lymphoid organs. Lymphocyte cell are responsible for the specificity of the cellular immune response. Approximately 2 x 1012 lymphocytes constitute the mature lymphoid system in humans together with a variety of ‘accessory’ cells which include epithelial cells, monocyte or macrophages cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Accessory cells are neede both for the maturation and for the effector cells functions of lymphocytes. (more…)
Airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma may involve smooth muscle growth, a manifestation of airway remodelling. The involvement ...
The process by which blood cells grow, divide, and differentiate in the bone marrow is called hematopoiesis. Three general cl ...
Human body treated all of the food that we ate, either plants or animals, as foreign substances. It is body immune system’s funct ...
Although it is commonly imagined that hematopoiesis takes place in a liquid environment resembling the blood, with progenitors resp ...
Immune system is your body’s defense mechanism to protect from infectious organism and other living object invaded your body. T ...