Nearly all tissues, organs, and serosal cavities harbor a population of resident phagocytes. Most contain only a diffuse scattering of individual phagocytic cells that remain inconspicuous under normal conditions and are very similar to one another in appearance and function. In some tissues, however, phagocytes are especially abundant or have distinctive morphologic features and are known by specific names. Examples include the Kupffer cells that line sinusoids of the liver (and account for nearly 10% of total liver mass), osteoclasts in bone, or microglial cells of the brain (Table bellow). (more…)
Once it is tethered onto the venule wall, the neutrophil or other leukocyte comes into contact with a wide variety of inflammatory ...
Neutrophils make up an army of more-or-less identical circulating phagocytes that are poised to respond quickly and in vast numbers ...
Our understanding of hematopoiesis has advanced greatly in recent years with the isolation and characterization of hematopoietic st ...
The process by which blood cells grow, divide, and differentiate in the bone marrow is called hematopoiesis. Three general cl ...
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as receptors for numerous stimuli of immune cells, including bacterial cell wall constituents (l ...
The way in which pathogens spread through the body is influenced to some extent by whether they live intra-cellularly, extra-cellularly or both. Organisms that live extra-cellularly are able to spread via body fluids such as blood. However, even organisms that replicate intra-cellularly may be able to leave the cell and spread via an extracellular route. Organisms can spread in the following ways: (more…)
Most initial infections are local, i.e. the infectious agent gains entry to the body at a single site, e.g. via an insect bite ...
Routes by which infectious organisms gain entry into the body include the skin, respiratory tract, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract ...
There are several pathogen types that can cause disease include many groups of single-celled microorganisms and larger multicel ...
There are thousands of components to the immune system, and during the course of learning about some of these it can appear tha ...
An especially elaborate and important type of innate antimicrobial enzymes defense is provided by a group of serum proteins tha ...
The immune system consists of proteins, cells and organs that are concerned with defense of the individual, primarily against the threat of disease caused by infectious organisms. An infectious organism that causes disease is called a pathogen and the individual (person or animal) that is infected by a pathogen is called the host. Not all infectious organisms cause disease and some are actually beneficial, for example bacteria living in the gut help to digest certain foods. Infectious organisms that help the host are called commensalism organisms. (more…)
The final stage of the disease process (although it may not be the final stage of the infection) is the actual production of di ...
There are thousands of components to the immune system, and during the course of learning about some of these it can appear tha ...
Serodiagnosis of bacterial diseases is of value only in specific circumstances. IgG antibody is long-lived, and its presence, a ...
Routes by which infectious organisms gain entry into the body include the skin, respiratory tract, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract ...
Allergic Reactions For daily life, of course we need our immune system. Without having immune system, we could not survive ...
Scleroderma is a disease of unknown cause characterized by abnormally increased collagen deposition in the skin. The course is usually slowly progressive and chronically disabling, but it can be rapidly progressive and fatal because of involvement of internal organs. It commonly begins in the third or fourth decade of life, but children are occasionally affected. The prevalence of the disease is one case per 100,000 in the population. Women are affected twice as often as men. There is no racial predisposition. (more…)
Scleroderma is a disease related with body autoimmune, connective tissue disease. Scleroderma induces inflammation and thickeni ...
Acute phase proteins are plasma proteins, the synthesis and the circulating concentrations of which are adaptively regulated in res ...
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), originally described as a vascular permeability factor generating tissue oedema, has be ...
Drug allergy reactions may be classified, at least theoretically, according to one of four implicated immunologic mechanisms, a ...
Definitions of anaphylaxis vary considerably, impeding the comparison of different clinical studies. Different definitions of a ...
A preliminary study conducted in New Zealand shows that a natural chemical compound blackcurrants can help breathe allergic asthma sufferers. It was known that fruit consumption may reduce symptoms of allergic asthma, but this study is the first to demonstrate how this phenomenon occurs. (more…)
Allergens are the trigger for human body allergic reaction. It is one of human immunological process to react for invader subst ...
Allergies can be defined as inappropriate immune system reactions to a foreign substance entering body. Allergies are kind of disea ...
Discovering natural treatment for allergies is still the main goal for a growing number of people suffering from allergies. At ...
Sinusitis is one inconvenience disease condition that many people had. Many drugs and antibiotics that are prescribed by your docto ...
Some of the immediate sequelae of injury are uncomfortably familiar: Soon after an injury occurs, the affected site and its sur ...
Scleroderma is a disease related with body autoimmune, connective tissue disease. Scleroderma induces inflammation and thickening of the skin. In scleroderma patients, their tissues are diffuse connective tissue disease characterized by changes in the skin, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, and internal organs. (more…)
Hay fever affects millions of people around the world every year. And one of the most common and prolific triggers is grass pol ...
Children in the early of their life is prone to allergy because their body immune system is not developed completely. As a matter o ...
There are still many people that are giving consultation to others, suggest the wrong advice in the context of the treatment of bab ...
Scleroderma is a disease of unknown cause characterized by abnormally increased collagen deposition in the skin. The course is ...
Allergic reactions is natural body’s response to “foreign substance” or “invader” that potentially harmful to your body. Once ...
Serum sickness syndrome was first recognized in the pre antibiotic era when heterologous antiserum was used as passive immunization for treatment of a number of infectious and toxic illnesses. Today, specific serum therapy with heterologous (usually equine) serum or gamma globulin is restricted to passive immunization for a very few toxic diseases and the use of antilymphocyte (ALG) or antithymocyte (ATG) globulin for immunosuppressive therapy. This is not applicable to active immunization. (more…)
Drug allergy reactions may be classified, at least theoretically, according to one of four implicated immunologic mechanisms, a ...
B cells The main function of B cells is to produce antibodies. Antibodies are complex molecules produced by the immune syste ...
Serodiagnosis of bacterial diseases is of value only in specific circumstances. IgG antibody is long-lived, and its presence, a ...
Acute phase proteins are plasma proteins, the synthesis and the circulating concentrations of which are adaptively regulated in res ...
Antibodies which are also known as immunoglobulin are found in our blood and other bodily fluids. Antibodies are used as a mechan ...
Viruses are the simplest of all life forms. They can be viewed as selfish genes with the single-minded purpose to replicate. Viruses are parasites, and their replication depends strictly on the machinery of cellular organisms. They have developed vehicles that allow for efficient transfer of their genes into host cells, supporting virus replication.
Replication of viruses is rarely subtle; instead it commonly results in damage or even death of the invaded cells. (more…)
Measles virus is a highly infectious viral disease characterized by a sore throat and a blotchy red rash that starts on the fac ...
Exacerbations of asthma are frequently associated with rhinoviral infection. Rhinoviruses infect respiratory epithelial cells, ...
The way in which pathogens spread through the body is influenced to some extent by whether they live intra-cellularly, extra-ce ...
Routes by which infectious organisms gain entry into the body include the skin, respiratory tract, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract ...
Most initial infections are local, i.e. the infectious agent gains entry to the body at a single site, e.g. via an insect bite ...
The Case For a Healthy Immune System
The immune system is made up of a complex network of cells and organs that protect the body from infection. Its main function is to keep harmful materials such as certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi, out of the body, and to destroy any infectious items that do invade the body. (more…)
At health food stores, customers are complaining about food allergies more often now with statements like, "I can't eat this", or " ...
Histamines, the foot soldiers of your body's immune system, rush to the front lines, desperate to keep you safe. They gather in ...
Immune system is your body’s defense mechanism to protect from infectious organism and other living object invaded your body. T ...
The immune system consists of proteins, cells and organs that are concerned with defense of the individual, primarily against t ...
The main reason that your body has an immune system is for your survival. Without immune system, human body is a delightful pla ...
It is a sunny day and you decide to take your child to the playground. The kids are having fun on the swings or just running around the park. Some of the kids are playing with the birds that are flocking around the bread that they are feeding the birds. Everyone is (more…)
Asthma is a disease which affects the airways. The inside lining of an asthmatic's airways are swollen or inflamed. It affects ...
Egg allergy is likely more of interest to parents, parents who have children that must be vaccinated. This concern is because many ...
There is nothing more scary for a new parent than the thought that their child might get sick. But while most parents manage to ...
Oral allergy syndrome is one form of allergy that body have allergic reaction to fruits and vegetables. Based on statistics fa ...
Parents are usually the ones who are greatly affected, when they see their child having an asthma attack. It bothers them so mu ...