Allergen-specific immunotherapy is highly effective in the treatment of IgE-mediated allergy diseases such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, and venom allergy hypersensitivity. It is the only treatment that leads to lifelong tolerance against previously disease-causing allergens due to restoration of the normal immunity. (more…)
Allergen-specific immunotherapy aims to correct the underlying immune imbalance associated with specific immunotherapy allergic rhi ...
Histamine is a low-molecular-weight monoamine that binds to four different G-protein-coupled receptors, and has recently been d ...
The precise mechanisms underlying the effects of Specific Immunotherapy are not well understood but several studies have shown ...
Treg cells or regulatory T cells constitute a large population of cellular infiltrate in atopic/allergic inflammation and a dys ...
The immunologic mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy are less established. In Cochrane analysis, the authors concluded that t ...
A variety of proinflammatory cells, mediators, and cytokines orchestrate the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, which results in the episodic airflow obstruction characteristic of asthma. As a consequence, modulation of the underlying disease process with antii-nflammatory agents is firmly established as being the cornerstone of successful management. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most potent antiinflammatory agents available and satisfactorily suppress underlying airway inflammation in most individuals. (more…)
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC 4 , LTD 4 and LTE 4 ) are lipid mediators produced from an arachidonic acid precursor following ...
Antihistamines have been shown to be effective in seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. They improve qua ...
In the UK, Europe and the USA, montelukast is licensed for once-daily oral administration in adults and is also available as a ...
Leukotrienes can be found in the airway and urine following both spontaneous exacerbations of asthma and acute exposure to bron ...
Despite optimum drug delivery and good compliance with inhaled corticosteroids, many patients experience symptoms and exacerbat ...
The mediators released by mast cells and basophils can be grouped into two categories:
(1) preformed substances contained within granules and
(2) newly generated chemicals synthesized following cellular activation.
These mediators comprise the effector function of the mast cell. Together they are able to increase vascular permeability, dilate vessels, cause bronchospasm, contract smooth muscle, and summon inflammatory cells. Few cells in the body produce compounds with such a large and varied spectrum of activity. (more…)
The response to injury usually begins with dilatation of small blood vessels in and around the injured site (figure bellow). Th ...
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC 4 , LTD 4 and LTE 4 ) are lipid mediators produced from an arachidonic acid precursor following ...
The precise mechanisms underlying the effects of Specific Immunotherapy are not well understood but several studies have shown ...
Normally present at very low levels in plasma, antibodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) isotype were first discovered in 1967, ...
The oral allergy syndrome is difficult to detect. Common allergy tests to examine allergy are using extracts only in skin scrat ...
Otitis media with effusion is a chronic inflammatory disease of the middle ear space characterized by the accumulation of fluid. Previous investigations have suggested that the immunopathological mechanism underlying the development of middle ear effusion in allergy patients largely involves the effects of Th2 mediators. The investigators set out to determine whether the middle ear compartment may be a component of the united airways in allergic disease by comparing the inflammatory profiles of the middle ear with those of the upper airway. Middle ear effusions, torus tubaris (Eustachian tube mucosa at the nasopharyngeal orifice) and adenoidal tissue biopsies were obtained from 45 patients undergoing simultaneous tympanostomy tube placement for Otitis media with effusion and adenoidectomy for adenoid hypertrophy. (more…)
An allergic patient’s history may point the clinician’s assessment to a specific area or organ system during allergy testing. In ge ...
If you have sinusitis, one of the displeasing aspects of sinusitis is dizziness condition that comes with it. Symptoms of sin ...
Perhaps one day you have experienced chronic fatigue, insomnia, tender points and pain in your muscle all over your body? Do no ...
The immunologic mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy are less established. In Cochrane analysis, the authors concluded that t ...
Treg cells or regulatory T cells constitute a large population of cellular infiltrate in atopic/allergic inflammation and a dys ...
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory nasal disorder in which a range of different cells participate. A variety of approaches has been used to monitor nasal inflammation objectively to investigate disease processes and to evaluate the effect of therapeutic intervention. These approaches include nasal lavage, nasal cytology and nasal biopsy, together with the more recently established measurement of nasal nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Although all provide information about nasal mucosal inflammation, the extent of information that can be obtained by each approach, the ease of sampling, and the complexity of sample handling differ. (more…)
After nasal allergen challenge, substance P and CGRP are released into nasal secretions of atopic patients . In allergic rhinit ...
Treatment with omalizumab has been shown to reduce serum free IgE concentrations and to have beneficial effects on allergic airway ...
This method of Acoustic Rhinometry is performed by doing the cross-sectional areas of the nasal measures by sending a sound pulse t ...
Non-allergic rhinitis is defined by the absence of positive SPTs or radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to common allergens. Ideall ...
Leukotrienes are present in increased amounts in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in patients with asthma. So far, no data have ...
B cells
The main function of B cells is to produce antibodies. Antibodies are complex molecules produced by the immune system in response to antigens. As mentioned previously, antigens are foreign proteins or glycoproteins (a sugar linked to a protein) that trigger the immune response. Every living cell produces several different proteins, each unique to its own cell type and species. The antibody produced against the antigen is entirely specific to that antigen. (more…)
Antibodies which are also known as immunoglobulin are found in our blood and other bodily fluids. Antibodies are used as a mechan ...
It is common to find anti-food IgG antibodies circulating in blood, even in people who have no signs or history of adverse reac ...
Our current knowledge for trigger factor and food allergy intolerance is still in it infancy level. We already known that the aller ...
Exotoxins are noxious proteins secreted by many bacteria. These toxins are often heat-labile and thus can be heat-inactivated f ...
Immune system is your body’s defense mechanism to protect from infectious organism and other living object invaded your body. T ...
Acute inflammatory response constitute the first line of defense against infection pathogenesis and how immune system works as well as the initial stage in restoring injured tissue to normalcy. Acute inflammation is recognized by redness, swelling, heat and pain in the affected area. These symptoms stem from a multitude of events taking place within the inflamed site. The humoral arm of the immune response, including circulating antibodies and the complement system, is activated. (more…)
Once it is tethered onto the venule wall, the neutrophil or other leukocyte comes into contact with a wide variety of inflammatory ...
Some of the immediate sequelae of injury are uncomfortably familiar: Soon after an injury occurs, the affected site and its sur ...
Neutrophils make up an army of more-or-less identical circulating phagocytes that are poised to respond quickly and in vast numbers ...
The response to injury usually begins with dilatation of small blood vessels in and around the injured site (figure bellow). Th ...
The airway circulation has many potential roles in asthma. The vasculature has a major influence on upper airway patency in nasal i ...