Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) as one of the popular pain reliever is among regular aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil and Motrin) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Another kind of pain reliever those are popular as analgesic is acetametaphin (Tylenol). NSAIDs work by curbing the enzyme cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) or both of them at the same time. (more…)

Many kids’ deaths in the United States over the years happened both in schools and children camps because of lack of access to basic essential medicines for asthma.

In Massachusetts, a law passed recently that allows students and children with asthma and allergies to bring along emergency (more…)

Many children are living with asthma. Asthma is a lung disease because the constriction of small airways (bronchioles). When this happens, there is moderate to severe difficulty in breathing came with by wheezing. Even though wheezing is not always heard but most of the time it is always present. (more…)

Innate immunity depends on both resident and recruited leukocytes. The macrophage without doubt plays an import- ant role in the detection of pulmonary infections. Low inocula of pneumococci are cleared by macrophages. Alveolar macrophages also have an important role in the initiation of responses to inhaled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their function (more…)

Streptococcus pneumoniae strains, commonly called pneumococci, differ from other streptococci in that they contain complex polysaccharide capsules that consitute the major virulence determinant in the species. Pneumococci are respiratory pathogens that colonize upper airways and cause bronchitis or pneumonia after aspiration of respiratory secretions. (more…)